Artificial intelligence application types: _____ are computer programs that attempt to provide the same judgmental advice that human experts (for example, doctors or engineers) would provide in a narrow domain.

Introduction / Context:
Within artificial intelligence, one classic approach is to encode expert knowledge as rules or frames and use an inference engine to reach conclusions, provide recommendations, or diagnose faults. Such applications are designed to emulate the judgment of human specialists. The question asks for the common abbreviation of these systems.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Focus is on judgmental advice in a narrow, well-structured domain.
• We distinguish general “AI” as a broad field from a specific application class.
• We identify the abbreviation commonly used in textbooks.

Concept / Approach:
These programs are called Expert Systems (ES). They combine a knowledge base (rules, facts) with an inference engine (forward/backward chaining) and often include an explanation facility to justify conclusions. “KBS” (knowledge-based systems) is a broader term that can include ES, but the most direct answer for systems that emulate expert advice is ES. “RAND” refers to a research organization, not a system type.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Classic shells like MYCIN-like systems, CLIPS-inspired tools, and rule-based medical advisors are labeled as ES in the literature.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing machine learning systems (which learn patterns) with rule-based ES (which reason over encoded knowledge).

Final Answer:
ES