In foundation design, why is a column footing provided beneath a vertical column?

Introduction / Context:
Footings are shallow foundations that transfer column loads safely to the soil. Their sizing and detailing are central to geotechnical and structural performance.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Vertical column carrying axial load (and possibly moments).
• Soil has a safe bearing capacity (SBC) that must not be exceeded.

Concept / Approach:
Adequate footing area keeps contact pressure compressive and ≤ SBC, while reinforcement and geometry spread and deliver the load to the soil without excessive settlement or shear failure.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Compute required area A ≈ Load / SBC.Detail reinforcement to distribute load to soil and control cracking.Check punching shear, one-way shear, and bending.

Verification / Alternative check:
Soil mechanics and IS codes align: increasing footing area reduces pressure and settlements for a given load.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Each of A, B, C is individually true; only D captures the full purpose.

Common Pitfalls:
Ignoring differential settlement, eccentric loading, or groundwater effects.

Final Answer:
All of the above