In rainfall–runoff processes, which statements about interception, ground rainfall, and infiltration capacity are correct?

Introduction / Context:
Understanding how precipitation partitions into interception, infiltration, and runoff is fundamental in hydrology, catchment modelling, and urban drainage design. This question tests key definitions that govern these processes.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Total precipitation is divided into interception, infiltration, depression storage, and runoff.
• Interception is held on surfaces like leaves, stems, roofs.
• Infiltration is soil intake under existing conditions.

Concept / Approach:
Terminology is standardized in hydrology. Interception is the initial storage on canopies/structures. The fraction reaching the ground after subtracting interception is often termed ground rainfall. When rainfall input at the surface exceeds interception capacity, it reaches soil, and infiltration begins according to infiltration capacity (maximum potential intake rate given soil, moisture, cover, and rainfall intensity).

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
These are standard in hydrology references and are consistent across catchment hydrology texts and design manuals.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each individual statement is correct; therefore, the most inclusive option—'All the above'—is right.

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing infiltration capacity with hydraulic conductivity.
• Assuming interception always returns instantly to the system; some is lost to evaporation.
• Ignoring depression storage before overland flow commences.

Final Answer:
All the above