VOCABULARY — Choose the synonym (same meaning) of the highlighted word. Sentence: “The chairman INITIATED the proceedings with a brief speech.”

Introduction / Context:
Here, the task is to find a synonym for “initiated” in the sense of beginning a formal process or proceeding. In meeting language, “initiate” means “to start.”

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Context: formal proceedings.
• Verb “initiated” is active, meaning “began.”
• We need a direct, everyday synonym.

Concept / Approach:
Among the choices, “started” precisely matches the meaning. The other options either reverse the meaning (“closed”) or change it to something negative (“confused,” “complicated”).

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Map “initiated” → “began/started”.2) Compare options for semantic equivalence.3) Select “started.”

Verification / Alternative check:
Replace in the sentence: “The chairman started the proceedings …” This preserves sense and tone.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
A) “confused” — changes event clarity, not start.B) “closed” — opposite action (to end).D) “complicated” — increases difficulty, unrelated to starting.E) Not needed because a perfect synonym exists.

Common Pitfalls:
Overthinking formality: “initiate” may sound formal, but its everyday synonym is simply “start.”

Final Answer:
started