Casting Defects Near Ingates — Identify the Fault A surface defect occurring near ingates as rough, scabby lumps adhering to the casting is best identified as:

Introduction / Context:
Recognizing casting defects and their causes helps in gating and mould design corrections. Certain defects cluster near ingates where metal velocity and turbulence are highest.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Defect location: near ingates.
• Appearance: rough lumps or scabby deposits on the surface.
• Likely causes: erosion/turbulence carrying sand or moulding fines.

Concept / Approach:
Sand wash is caused by erosive action of fast-flowing metal that dislodges sand from the mould surface, depositing it on the casting. This creates rough, irregular masses adjacent to the gate. Proper gating design, reduced velocity, and mould surface strengthening help prevent it.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Match location (ingates) and texture (rough, scabby) with known defect taxonomy.Identify erosion-induced inclusion → sand wash.Exclude dimensional mismatch defects and mould movement issues.Confirm sand wash as correct term.

Verification / Alternative check:
Process audits often tie high gate velocity and inadequate facing sand to sand wash incidence.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Shift: core/cope-drag misalignment; gives a step, not scabby lumps.Swell: bulging from insufficient mould strength.Scab: lifted skin with metal underneath; not necessarily limited to ingates.Misrun: incomplete filling, thin edges unfilled, not lumpy deposits.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing sand wash with scab; location near ingates and erosive origin point to sand wash.

Final Answer:
sand wash