Concept check: dominant heat-transfer mode in solids Evaluate the statement: “In the case of solids, heat transfer takes place according to radiation.” Decide whether the statement is correct or incorrect and choose the best justification.

ConceptIn solids, adjacent molecules/atoms transfer energy primarily by lattice interaction and electron transport — this is conduction. Radiation exists at all temperatures but is usually a secondary path compared with conduction inside a solid.

Why the statement is incorrectSaying heat transfer in solids occurs “according to radiation” ignores the dominant conduction mechanism. Only at very high temperatures or across gaps does radiation become comparable or dominant.

Common pitfallConfusing surface heat loss by radiation with internal heat transfer within the solid.

Final AnswerDisagree — conduction is the principal mode in solids.