Refrigeration expansion devices: Why is a simple capillary tube generally not used in large-capacity refrigeration and air-conditioning systems?

Introduction / Context:
Capillary tubes are fixed-orifice expansion devices widely used in small refrigerators and unitary systems. The question asks why this device is rarely selected for large-capacity plants, which typically prefer thermostatic or electronic expansion valves for control and efficiency.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Steady vapor-compression cycle with condenser, expansion device, evaporator, and compressor.
• Capillary tube is a long, small-diameter tube that produces a pressure drop mainly through friction.
• Large-capacity systems experience wide load variation and require modulation.

Concept / Approach:
The expansion device must match mass flow to evaporator load and maintain stable superheat. A capillary tube has a fixed flow characteristic; it cannot modulate in response to changing evaporator loads, ambient conditions, or compressor capacity. Thermostatic/EEV devices, in contrast, regulate flow using a sensing strategy to maintain superheat and avoid floodback.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the control objective: maintain evaporator superheat within limits.Note the capillary tube has fixed Δp–flow behavior determined by length and diameter.For large systems with variable loads, a fixed orifice cannot adjust the mass flow → unstable superheat or poor capacity utilization.Therefore, capacity control is not possible, motivating the use of TEV/EEV.

Verification / Alternative check:
Compare part-load performance: TEV/EEV maintains target superheat over a range of condensing/evaporating pressures; a capillary does not, resulting in hunting, starved or flooded evaporator conditions.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Required pressure drop cannot be achieved: In practice, proper length/diameter can achieve Δp; not the main limitation.
• Material incompatibility: Copper is commonly compatible with many refrigerants and oils.
• High cost: Capillaries are cheap; cost is not the reason for avoidance.
• Cavitation in condenser: Not a design goal and not a reason.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming longer capillaries solve control issues; length changes design Δp, not dynamic capacity control. Also, forgetting seasonal ambient swings that shift condensing pressure and hence mass flow through a fixed orifice.

Final Answer:
Capacity control is not possible with a plain capillary tube