Canal classification by source: Canals taking off from ice-fed perennial rivers (with dependable year-round supply) are termed as what type of canals?

Introduction / Context:
Canals are classified by their source and operating characteristics. Ice-fed Himalayan rivers typically provide sustained flows throughout the year, enabling a certain canal type with year-round supplies and headworks control.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Source: Ice/snow-fed perennial river.
• Headworks present for diversion and control.
• Supply is dependable year-round.

Concept / Approach:
Perennial canals are designed to run throughout the year, supported by perennial rivers or storage. In contrast, inundation canals draw water primarily during floods and lack reliable flow in lean seasons. Ridge canals describe alignment rather than source, and “ice canals” is not a standard term.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify river as perennial (snow/ice melt maintained).Match with canal type that supplies year-round: perennial canal.Exclude inundation (flood-dependent) and ridge (topographic alignment) definitions.

Verification / Alternative check:
Historical projects on Himalayan rivers (e.g., Upper Ganga Canal) are classic cases of perennial canals fed by perennial rivers with substantial control structures.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Permanent canals: Vague; not a precise hydrologic classification.Ridge canals: Alignment term; may be perennial or not.Inundation canals: Flow mainly in floods.Ice canals: Not standard terminology.

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing inundation with perennial due to both being river-fed.
• Assuming “permanent” equals “perennial.”

Final Answer:
Perennial canals