In genetics, which statement best defines a “clone” when referring to an organism produced by cloning techniques?

Difficulty: Easy

Correct Answer: An offspring whose entire cellular genome is identical to that of one parent (the donor)

Explanation:


Introduction / Context:
Cloning in biology refers to producing genetically identical copies of a biological entity. In animals, this typically means making an organism whose nuclear genome matches that of a single donor. The question tests precision in the definition of a clone at the whole-organism level.


Given Data / Assumptions:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) can generate cloned offspring.
  • Clones share nuclear DNA with a single donor; mitochondrial DNA may differ due to oocyte cytoplasm.
  • “Identical to both parents” is biologically impossible in sexual reproduction.


Concept / Approach:
A cloned organism derives its nuclear genome from one parent (the donor nucleus), not from two gametes. Thus, the correct definition emphasizes complete genetic identity to a single source genome in all cells (allowing for mitochondrial exceptions and somatic mutations post-development).


Step-by-Step Solution:

Exclude options that invoke “both parents” or nonbiological constructs.Identify the statement that specifies identity to one donor across all cells.Select that definition as the best description of a clone.


Verification / Alternative check:
Classic examples (e.g., Dolly the sheep) confirm nuclear genetic identity to the donor ewe supplying the somatic nucleus, not to both parents.


Why Other Options Are Wrong:

  • Artificial life form: not a scientific definition of cloning.
  • Identical to both parents: contradicts the concept.
  • Breed-specific: cloning is not limited to one species or breed.
  • IVF offspring are not clones; they are genetically unique.


Common Pitfalls:
Confusing IVF with cloning; ignoring mitochondrial DNA differences while focusing on the nuclear-genome concept.


Final Answer:
An offspring whose entire cellular genome is identical to that of one parent (the donor)

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