Protein Synthesis Questions

• Termination of translation: When is the growing polypeptide chain released from the ribosome during protein synthesis?
• Protein targeting: Removal of the N-terminal signal peptide from a protein translocated across the membrane is catalyzed by which enzyme?
• Bacterial protein synthesis — identifying active translation sites In prokaryotic cell biology, which cytological structure in a bacterium is a clear indicator that active protein synthesis (translation) is occurring?
• Ribosomal elongation — direction of peptide transfer During translation elongation on the ribosome, in what direction is the growing polypeptide chain transferred between tRNA binding sites?
• Genes and products of the lac operon (E. coli) — z, y, and a In bacterial gene regulation, the lac operon contains three structural genes (z, y, and a). What do these genes encode, respectively?
• Cellular phosphorus utilization — which biosynthetic process directly incorporates inorganic phosphate? Phosphorus is taken up by cells and incorporated during which of the following processes most directly?
• DNA replication — processivity of polymerases Processive synthesis (addition of many nucleotides without dissociating) is most characteristic of which component during chromosomal replication?
• tRNA selection on the ribosome — basis of accuracy How do ribosomes select the correct transfer RNAs (tRNAs) during translation?
• What forms the peptide bond during translation? Amino acids are covalently joined into a growing protein chain on the ribosome by which catalytic activity?
• Essential RNAs for translation — which molecules are required? During protein synthesis in cells, which of the following RNA types are required for the process to proceed?
• Coupling of transcription and translation — estimating protein synthesis rate In prokaryotes, translation speed is limited by the rate of mRNA synthesis. If RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA at 50 nucleotides per second, what is the approximate rate of protein synthesis in amino acids per second?
• Initiation in eukaryotes — how does mRNA bind the ribosome? Eukaryotic mRNA recruitment to the small ribosomal subunit during translation initiation is primarily facilitated by which feature?