Vegetable spoilage – Bacterial soft rot in fresh produce primarily results from which biochemical process?

Introduction / Context:
Bacterial soft rot is one of the most destructive postharvest diseases of vegetables (e.g., potatoes, carrots). Recognizing its biochemical basis informs control measures and shelf-life management.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Soft rot is characterized by watery, mushy tissue breakdown with off-odors.
• Causative agents include pectinolytic bacteria such as Pectobacterium and Dickeya.

Concept / Approach:
These bacteria secrete pectinolytic enzymes (pectate lyases, polygalacturonases) that depolymerize pectic substances cementing plant cells. Loss of middle lamella integrity causes tissue maceration and the typical watery soft texture.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the key structural target → pectin in middle lamella. Associate with bacterial enzymes → pectinases degrade cell adhesion. Result → water-soaked, soft, foul tissue “soft rot”. Thus, the correct process is enzymatic breakdown (fermentation) of pectin.

Verification / Alternative check:
Diagnostic tests reveal pectin dissolution and cavity formation; pH and enzyme assays confirm pectinase activity in rot fluids.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Sugar fermentation alone does not explain structural collapse; ketone or amino-acid formation is incidental; lipid oxidation is not primary in soft rot.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing chilling injury or simple bruising with true pectinolytic maceration.

Final Answer:
Fermentation (enzymatic breakdown) of pectin.