Analogy — Branch of study and object of study: Penology : Punishment :: Seismology : ?

Introduction / Context:Each term on the left is a branch of study mapped to what it studies. Penology is the study of punishment and prison management; seismology studies what phenomenon?

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Penology → punishment/corrections.
• Seismology → seismic waves and earthquakes.

Concept / Approach:Identify the precise object of seismology.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Law: linked to jurisprudence, not seismology.
• Liver: studied in hepatology.
• Medicines: pharmacology.
• None of these: incorrect as “Earthquakes” fits.

Common Pitfalls:Confusing criminology (crime) with penology (punishment/corrections).

Final Answer:Earthquakes