Syllogism — Men, bachelors, teachers, and spiritual (chain with partial existence): Statements: (a) All men are bachelors. (b) Some bachelors are teachers. (c) Some teachers are spiritual. Conclusions to test: I. All men are spiritual. II. Some teachers are spiritual. III. Some men are spiritual. IV. All teachers are spiritual.

Introduction / Context:
This item mixes a universal inclusion with two existential premises. Be careful not to overgeneralize from “some,” and avoid reversing subset relations.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Man ⊆ Bachelor.
• ∃ (Bachelor ∩ Teacher).
• ∃ (Teacher ∩ Spiritual).

Concept / Approach:
We know that at least one Teacher is Spiritual (from (c)); that alone makes II true. But nothing guarantees that any Man is among those Spiritual Teachers, since the “some bachelors are teachers” group might be disjoint from the Men subset within Bachelors.

Step-by-Step Evaluation:
1) From (c), immediately, “Some teachers are spiritual” (II) follows.2) I “All men are spiritual” is far too strong; neither (b) nor (c) universalizes across teachers, let alone men.3) III “Some men are spiritual” would require explicit linkage between Men and the Spiritual Teachers; not provided.4) IV “All teachers are spiritual” contradicts the “some” nature of (c).

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming that because all men are bachelors, they are automatically part of the specific bachelor-teacher group named in (b); “some” does not imply inclusion of every subset.

Final Answer:
Only conclusion II follows.