Statement: During the last fortnight, there were three “near-miss” incidents in which two aircraft came perilously close to each other but avoided collision because the pilots reacted just in time. Courses of Action: I. Immediately de-roster (remove from active duty pending inquiry) all six pilots involved in the incidents. II. Temporarily divert some flights to other airports for the next few months to decongest the airspace over the city airport. III. Send the city’s air traffic controllers (ATC) for refresher courses in staggered batches so they are better prepared to handle high-pressure situations. Which course(s) of action logically follow(s)?

Introduction / Context:Course-of-action questions test whether proposed steps are proportionate, feasible, and directly relevant to the stated problem. Here, repeated near-miss events point to systemic stress in terminal airspace capacity and human-systems performance (pilots, ATC, procedures). Logical actions should reduce congestion risk and strengthen human factors, training, and procedures while respecting due process.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Three near-misses occurred within a fortnight in the same metropolitan airspace.
• Pilots averted collisions “just in time.”
• No explicit evidence of individual pilot negligence is presented; congestion/pressure is implied.

Concept / Approach:Prefer actions that (a) immediately lower traffic density and complexity, and (b) improve ATC competence and coordination. Avoid punitive measures without investigation. Systems safety focuses on de-risking the operating context and enhancing training and procedures rather than scapegoating individuals absent facts.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:Common safety improvements after repeated level busts/TCAS RAs include traffic flow management (slotting, diversions), updated procedures, and recurrent training for ATC and flight crews.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:Assuming punitive action equals safety; ignoring airspace capacity management.

Final Answer:Only II and III follow.