Effective flange width limits for an L-beam (edge T-beam): According to standard R.C.C. practice, the effective flange width should not exceed multiple geometric limits. Which option correctly states the governing selection?

Introduction / Context:
Effective flange width is an idealized width used to model the contribution of the slab to an L- or T-beam in flexure. Codes place upper bounds so that analysis does not overestimate slab participation.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Edge (L) beam where slab participates on one side.
• Typical geometric limits involve span fraction, slab thickness multiple, and spacing to adjacent beam.

Concept / Approach:
All relevant limits must be checked and the smallest value adopted as the effective flange width. This ensures conservatism and prevents unrealistic overestimation of beam capacity from slab flanges.

Step-by-Step Solution:
List code-style limits (e.g., span fraction, bw + k·Df, spacing-based).Evaluate all three for the given geometry in design.Adopt the least value as bf,eff.Hence, select option (d): “least of the above.”

Verification / Alternative check:
Worked examples in R.C.C. texts always compute each limit and then choose the smallest for design bending capacity.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• (a), (b), (c) individually can be either too conservative or unconservative depending on geometry.
• (e) is incorrect because (d) states the correct procedure.

Common Pitfalls:
Using only one limit; forgetting that edge beams have different limits than internal T-beams; not checking rib breadth and slab thickness influence.

Final Answer:
The least of the above limits (apply all and take the smallest)