Thermal design — which resistor specification tends to increase as the physical surface area (size and heat-dissipation area) of the resistor increases?

Introduction / Context:
Choosing a resistor is not only about ohms; the wattage (power rating) determines how much heat the part can safely dissipate. Physical size and surface area play a major role in thermal performance. This question links form factor to a key datasheet limit used in reliable design.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Ambient convection and board copper area influence cooling.
• Larger body = more surface area for heat transfer (all else equal).
• Comparing mainstream through-hole and SMD resistor families.

Concept / Approach:
Power rating is specified as the maximum continuous power the resistor can dissipate without exceeding its allowable temperature rise. Heat leaves primarily via convection, conduction to leads/PCB, and radiation; increasing surface area improves all three paths, so the allowable wattage typically increases with size. Resistance value is independent of physical area; voltage rating depends on geometry and film thickness but does not scale simply with area; tolerance is a trimming/manufacturing attribute.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Compare datasheets: 0603 resistors are typically 0.1 W, 0805 ~0.125–0.25 W, 1206 ~0.25–0.5 W, larger packages higher, demonstrating the area–wattage trend.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Resistance: Set by material and geometry but not monotonic with body area across series.
• Current rating: Not a standard standalone resistor spec; current limit derives from power and temperature rise.
• Voltage rating: Tied to creepage, film thickness, and construction, not purely to surface area.
• Tolerance: Manufacturing/trim-related, independent of area.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming “bigger resistor means higher resistance”; size mostly signals higher wattage, not ohmic value.

Final Answer:
Power rating