Radiometry terminology — energy, flux, irradiance, and exitance Identify the correct comprehensive statement linking basic radiometric terms and their SI units.

Introduction / Context:
Radiometric quantities describe electromagnetic radiation independent of wavelength weighting. Correct terminology and units are essential in remote sensing, thermal engineering, and optical measurements.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Use SI units consistently.
• Surface-based quantities are per unit area.
• Time rates are expressed in watts.

Concept / Approach:

Radiant energy Q has unit joule (J). The time derivative of Q is radiant flux Φ with unit watt (W). When Φ is incident on an area A, irradiance E is Φ_in / A in W/m^2. When flux leaves a surface, the analogous surface quantity is radiant exitance M = Φ_out / A in W/m^2. These definitions underpin more advanced concepts such as radiance and bidirectional reflectance.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Dimensional analysis confirms consistency: J/s = W; dividing by m^2 yields W/m^2 for surface densities. Standard remote sensing texts and radiometry handbooks use these exact definitions.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Each of (a)–(d) is correct; therefore the inclusive correct choice is (e) “All of these”.

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing irradiance (incident) with radiance (directional, per solid angle).
• Using “energy per area” (J/m^2) for exposure instead of instantaneous flux density (W/m^2).

Final Answer:

All of these.