Optical properties of natural waters — controlling factors In water optics for remote sensing and limnology, the apparent optical properties of a water body depend on absorption and scattering by dissolved and suspended constituents. Identify the correct grouping.

Introduction / Context:
Water colour and the upwelling radiance seen by sensors are governed by how light is absorbed and scattered within the water column. Remote sensing of water quality (e.g., chlorophyll, coloured dissolved organic matter, turbidity) depends on these interactions across visible and near-infrared wavelengths.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Dissolved substances (e.g., CDOM) can strongly absorb in blue wavelengths.
• Suspended particulates both absorb and scatter light.
• Surface effects (waves, glint) modulate apparent signal but the question focuses on in-water processes.

Concept / Approach:
Apparent optical properties (AOPs) relate to how light fields behave, while inherent optical properties (IOPs) depend solely on the medium (absorption a(λ), scattering b(λ)). Both dissolved and particulate constituents influence a(λ) and b(λ), shaping reflectance spectra used for algorithm retrievals.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Field spectra and lab measurements of a(λ) and b(λ) confirm the contributions of both dissolved and particulate components.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Each single choice captures only one mechanism; real waters involve all mechanisms.
• None of these: Incorrect because all listed processes govern optical response.

Common Pitfalls:
Ignoring wavelength dependence, confounding surface glint with in-water scattering, and assuming clear-water behaviour for turbid systems.

Final Answer:
All of these