Database approach benefits Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage, but rather a benefit, of the database approach compared to traditional file systems?

Introduction / Context:
The database approach replaced file-centric processing by introducing centralized schemas, integrity, and controlled sharing. Recognizing genuine benefits avoids misclassifying strengths as weaknesses when evaluating architectures or explaining DBMS value to stakeholders.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Options list classic benefits of databases.
• The prompt asks for what is NOT a disadvantage (i.e., is actually positive).
• We assume standard DBMS capabilities such as constraints, indexes, transactions, and permissions.

Concept / Approach:
Databases reduce redundancy by centralizing data; they enable rich associations via keys and joins; they enhance security with roles, privileges, and auditing; and they provide program/data independence by abstracting physical storage behind schemas and views. Therefore, all listed items are advantages, not disadvantages.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Introductory database courses routinely present exactly these benefits as motivations for adopting DBMS technology over file systems.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Any single item selected as “not a disadvantage” would be incomplete; the statement “All of the above are advantages” captures the full truth.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing “redundancy reduction” with “no redundancy at all.” While databases strive to minimize redundancy, some controlled redundancy may exist for performance or historical reasons.

Final Answer:
All of the above are advantages