Which of the following is not a fundamental characteristic of a system as defined in systems theory and information systems?

Introduction / Context:
Systems theory describes a system as an organized whole composed of interrelated parts working toward a purpose. In information systems, this perspective helps analysts define scope, interfaces, and behaviors. The task is to identify which option does not fit the canonical definition.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Systems have purposes or goals.
• Systems operate within boundaries separating them from the environment.
• Components interact to produce emergent behavior.
• Components need not be homogeneous; diversity is common.

Concept / Approach:
Homogeneity of components is not required; many systems rely on heterogeneous parts (e.g., hardware, software, people, procedures). What matters is interaction and coordination. Therefore, “has homogeneous components” is not a defining characteristic.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Check purpose: essential—every system serves a function.2) Check boundary: essential—defines scope and environment interactions.3) Check interaction: essential—components must interact.4) Check homogeneity: not essential—components can be of different types.

Verification / Alternative check:
Classic systems literature and SDLC texts emphasize purpose, boundary, and interaction; they do not require uniform parts.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Operates for some purpose: intrinsic property of systems.Operates within a boundary: necessary to distinguish system from environment.Has interacting components: core to producing outcomes.None of the above: incorrect because one option is indeed not characteristic.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming standardization equals system quality; in reality, heterogeneous components are typical and often beneficial.

Final Answer:
Has homogeneous components