Contemporaries in science: Which pair of investigators were contemporaries whose overlapping careers shaped the foundations of microbiology and immunology?

Introduction / Context:
Scientific breakthroughs often arise from the work of contemporaries whose results inspire, challenge, or complement each other. In microbiology, two giants working in the late 19th century fundamentally advanced germ theory, vaccination, and laboratory methods.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We are identifying scientists who lived and worked around the same period.
• Key figures include Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch.
• Other pairs listed span very different eras.

Concept / Approach:

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) and Robert Koch (1843–1910) overlapped substantially. Pasteur’s work on fermentation, pasteurization, and vaccines interacted with Koch’s development of pure culture techniques and Koch’s postulates, jointly cementing germ theory and clinical microbiology.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Biographical timelines show overlapping publications and mutual influence in bacteriology and immunology during the latter half of the 19th century.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Darwin (1809–1882) and Woese (1928–2012) did not overlap meaningfully in active research eras and fields.

Van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) and Ricketts (1876–1910) are separated by ~200 years.

Berg (20th-century molecular biology) and Hooke (17th-century microscopist) are from different centuries.

Common Pitfalls:

Assuming “famous names” must be contemporaries; overlooking the historical timeline of germ theory development.

Final Answer:

Koch and Pasteur