Viral gastroenteritis — Which of the following agents are well-recognized causes of acute diarrhea outbreaks?

Introduction / Context:
Acute viral gastroenteritis is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide, especially in children and in closed communities. Multiple unrelated RNA virus families cause similar clinical syndromes with vomiting and watery diarrhea.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Rotaviruses are a major pediatric pathogen.
• Norwalk virus (norovirus) commonly causes explosive outbreaks in schools, cruise ships, and nursing homes.
• Astroviruses are established causes of pediatric and institutional gastroenteritis.

Concept / Approach:
Each listed virus group is a documented etiologic agent of acute diarrheal disease. Therefore, the most correct choice is the inclusive “All of these.”

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Laboratory panels for gastroenteritis routinely include rotavirus, norovirus, and astrovirus assays in pediatric and outbreak settings.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Selecting any single virus ignores the multifactorial viral causes of diarrhea.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming rotavirus is exclusively pediatric; adults can be infected, and norovirus affects all ages.

Final Answer:
All of these