Networking fundamentals for web/database access over the Internet: Which statement correctly describes the standard protocol stack required when a client connects to a web server or a database server across the Internet?

Introduction / Context:
Client–server communication across the Internet relies on a layered networking model. When a browser or application connects to a web or database server, the TCP/IP stack provides the transport and internetworking required for reliable delivery.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The client is reaching a server (web or database) across IP networks.
• Standard Internet protocols are used (for example, HTTP, HTTPS, TLS, and database wire protocols) over TCP/IP.
• We are discussing connectivity over the public Internet, not a proprietary link.

Concept / Approach:
IP (Internet Protocol) handles addressing and routing of packets end to end. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) sits above IP and provides reliable, ordered, byte-stream delivery, congestion control, and retransmission. Application protocols such as HTTP, TLS, and most SQL wire protocols then run on top of TCP. Together, TCP and IP are foundational for most Internet application traffic.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Packet captures (for example, with Wireshark) of web or database sessions show TCP segments encapsulated in IP packets, confirming the dependence on both layers.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• TCP only or IP only: Each alone is insufficient; they serve different layers.
• Neither TCP nor IP: Contradicts how Internet traffic is delivered.
• Only HTTP: HTTP operates over TCP/IP; it is not a replacement for them.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing application protocols (HTTP, TLS) with transport and network layers; omitting the role of IP routing.

Final Answer:
Both TCP and IP are needed.