Properties of water in biology: Which statement best summarizes why water is indispensable in living systems?

Introduction / Context:
Water is sometimes called the universal solvent of life. Its polarity, hydrogen-bonding capacity, high heat capacity, and participation in countless reactions make it central to biochemistry and physiology.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We consider water's roles as solvent, reactant/product, and thermal buffer.
• We compare solubility behaviors of polar vs. nonpolar substances.
• Biological temperature range assumed.

Concept / Approach:
Water participates directly in hydrolysis/condensation reactions, supports acid–base equilibria, and stabilizes macromolecular structures via the hydrophobic effect. Its polarity allows dissolution of ions and polar molecules; nonpolar substances aggregate (poor solubility) due to unfavorable disruption of water's hydrogen-bond network.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Assess biochemical role → solvent, reactant, and medium for enzymes and transport. Evaluate solubility → polar/ionic compounds are hydrated; nonpolar compounds have low solubility. Integrate statements → each listed statement accurately reflects water's properties in biology. Therefore, “All of the above” is correct.

Verification / Alternative check:
Cell cytosol is an aqueous solution; blood plasma, plant sap, and intracellular compartments rely on water's solvent capacity; membrane formation hinges on water-driven hydrophobic interactions.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Choosing any single statement ignores the combined significance; option E is overly narrow and incorrect.

Common Pitfalls:
Mislabeling water as a universal solvent without noting limits (nonpolar solutes are poorly soluble); forgetting temperature dependence of hydrogen bonding and density anomalies.

Final Answer:
All of the above.