Skin prep — Which skin disinfectant(s) are most frequently used in clinical and community settings for rapid antisepsis?

Introduction / Context:
Alcohol-based skin antiseptics are ubiquitous for hand rubs, injection site preparation, and minor procedures because they act quickly, evaporate without residue, and are broadly bactericidal and virucidal (enveloped viruses). The two most common formulations rely on ethyl alcohol (ethanol) or isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) at appropriate concentrations.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Rapid action and convenience are key for skin prep.
• Typical effective ranges: 60–90% v/v alcohol.
• Enhanced formulations often include small amounts of chlorhexidine for persistent effect.

Concept / Approach:
Both ethanol and isopropanol denature proteins and disrupt lipids, rapidly reducing microbial counts on intact skin. Neither is sporicidal, but their speed and broad spectrum against vegetative bacteria and many viruses make them the mainstay for routine antisepsis. Therefore, the best answer is that both are frequently used.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Hand hygiene guidelines endorse alcohol-based hand rubs formulated with either ethanol or isopropanol; pre-injection swabs are typically isopropyl alcohol pads (e.g., 70%).

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Isopropyl alone or ethyl alone: incomplete statements because both are in common use.
• None of these: clearly false; alcohol swabs and rubs are standard.

Common Pitfalls:
Expecting sporicidal action from alcohols; for spore concerns, other agents or combinations (e.g., chlorine, peroxide) are needed. Also, ensure adequate contact time and coverage for efficacy.

Final Answer:
Both (a) and (b)