Microorganisms commonly employed for ethanol production Which of the following microbes are used industrially for producing ethanol (in beverages or biofuels)?

Introduction / Context:
Ethanol is produced at industrial scale for beverages and fuels. Several microorganisms are routinely used because they combine high glycolytic flux with desirable tolerance and product yields.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The options list two Saccharomyces yeasts and one bacterium known for ethanologenesis.
• We are concerned with organisms that convert sugars to ethanol efficiently.

Concept / Approach:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the archetypal brewing and bioethanol yeast, while Saccharomyces uvarum (pastorianus) is used for lager fermentations. Zymomonas mobilis, a bacterium employing the Entner–Doudoroff pathway, exhibits high ethanol productivity and is used in certain fuel-ethanol processes.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Industrial case studies and pilot plants have demonstrated successful fermentations using all three taxa under appropriate process conditions.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Each single-organism option is incomplete; multiple organisms are used.
• Lactococcus lactis primarily produces lactic acid, not ethanol, under standard conditions.

Common Pitfalls:
Overlooking bacteria like Z. mobilis because most people associate ethanol strictly with yeasts.

Final Answer:
All of these