Mixing and mass transfer hardware in a stirred-tank fermentor Which components contribute to agitation and effective gas–liquid mass transfer inside a typical aerobic fermentor?

Introduction / Context:
Efficient aerobic fermentation requires thorough mixing and high oxygen transfer rates. Vessel internals are designed to work together to achieve target kLa and homogeneous conditions.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Standard stirred-tank design with top- or bottom-driven impellers.
• Presence of baffles and a gas sparger typical for aerobic runs.

Concept / Approach:
The impeller provides mechanical energy, generating circulation loops and break-up of gas bubbles. Baffles disrupt swirl, increasing turbulence and preventing vortex formation. The sparger introduces gas that is then dispersed into fine bubbles by the impeller, increasing interfacial area.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Design manuals quantify kLa as a function of power input, gas flow, and internals configuration—demonstrating the combined roles.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Sight glass: useful operationally but does not create agitation or mass transfer.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming the sparger alone ensures mixing; under-baffled tanks suffer vortexing and poor gas dispersion.

Final Answer:
All of these