Concentration measures independent of T and P: In a binary liquid system, which concentration expressions are independent of temperature and pressure?

Introduction / Context:
Choosing a concentration scale that is insensitive to temperature and pressure simplifies calculations when conditions vary. Scales based on mass or amount of substance (moles) rather than volume are more robust because mass and amount are invariant to ordinary T–P changes, while volume depends strongly on T and P.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Binary liquid solution (solute + solvent).
• No chemical reaction or mass loss.
• Comparing mass- and mole-based measures vs volume-based measures.

Concept / Approach:
Mass ratio (kg solute/kg solvent), mole ratio (kmol solute/kmol solvent), and molality (kmol solute per 1000 kg solvent) all use mass and/or amount of substance in numerator and denominator. Neither mass nor mole count changes with temperature or pressure (absent reaction or phase change losses). By contrast, molarity and normality use volume, which expands or contracts with T and P, making them T–P dependent.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Thermodynamics texts define molality as moles of solute per kilogram of solvent; it is widely used when temperature varies because it remains constant with thermal expansion.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• “None of the above” is incorrect since all three listed are independent of T and P.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing molality with molarity; assuming “normality” is T–P independent even though it relies on volume through equivalents per liter.

Final Answer:
All of the above.