In robotics and autonomous systems, which component prevents a robot from colliding with other objects by detecting obstacles and providing feedback for motion control?

Introduction / Context:
Safe robot operation requires awareness of the environment. Obstacle detection and avoidance are essential for mobile robots, collaborative arms, and automated guided vehicles. This capability is achieved by sensing—collecting real-time data about nearby objects—and by using control algorithms that adjust trajectories accordingly.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The robot must avoid collisions in dynamic or cluttered spaces.
• Feedback about proximity and object presence is required.
• Actuation alone cannot ensure safety without perception.

Concept / Approach:

Sensory devices provide the measurements needed for obstacle avoidance. Common sensors include infrared or ultrasonic proximity sensors, time-of-flight lidar, stereo/mono cameras for vision, and tactile bump sensors. Sensor fusion combines these modalities to improve reliability. The control system interprets sensor data and commands path modifications in real time, often using techniques such as potential fields, vector fields, or model predictive control.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Standards and best practices for collaborative robots (cobots) specify safety-rated monitored stops and proximity sensing, reinforcing sensors’ central role.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Manipulators execute motion but do not perceive obstacles.

Memory stores maps or waypoints but does not detect unexpected objects.

“Negative image” is not a standard collision-avoidance mechanism by itself.

Common Pitfalls:

Relying on a single sensor type leads to blind spots; multi-sensor fusion and redundancy improve safety and robustness.

Final Answer:

Sensory devices (for example, proximity, vision, lidar, sonar)