At the machine-instruction level, which item below is a valid example of a raw machine language instruction?

Introduction / Context:
Programming levels range from high-level languages to assembly to machine code. Machine language is the binary form executed directly by the CPU, represented as sequences of bits (opcodes and operands).

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We must identify a raw machine language example.
• Operands and mnemonics like ADD or GOTO are assembly or higher, not binary machine code.

Concept / Approach:
Machine code is encoded as bit patterns such as 10001101, where different bit fields represent operation and addressing. Assembly is a symbolic representation (e.g., ADD 5) that must be assembled into binary. High-level constructs like GOTO XOUT are compiler-level and further removed from hardware encoding.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Assembler tools translate mnemonics into opcodes; only the binary stream is executed by the CPU.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
They are not raw binary machine instructions.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing human-readable mnemonics with what the CPU actually fetches and executes.

Final Answer:
10001101