Magnetic materials — In general systems and specifically in magnetics, hysteresis refers to which behavior?

Introduction:
Hysteresis appears in magnetic cores, ferroelectrics, and other systems where the output depends on current and past inputs. In transformers and inductors, magnetic hysteresis directly affects core losses and B-H loop behavior.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Considering magnetization M vs. applied magnetic field H.
• Core material exhibits a B-H loop (non-linear, path-dependent response).
• Sinusoidal steady-state or cycling conditions.

Concept / Approach:

Hysteresis is a path-dependent lag: the material’s response (magnetization/flux density) does not follow the instant value of excitation alone; it lags and depends on history. The loop area represents hysteresis loss per cycle, contributing to heating at a rate proportional to frequency and core volume.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Core datasheets specify hysteresis loops and coercivity. Loss modeling (Steinmetz parameters) includes a hysteresis term proportional to frequency and peak flux, confirming the lagging, path-dependent nature.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• lead between cause and effect: Opposite of hysteresis behavior.
• lead/lag between voltage and current: That describes reactive phase shift, not hysteresis per se.
• instantaneous proportional response: Would be a linear, memoryless system, not hysteretic.

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing hysteresis (memory effect) with phase shift from reactance.
• Ignoring that hysteresis persists even at low frequency, though losses scale with frequency.

Final Answer:

lag between cause and effect