HIV and viral co-infections: Which viral infections are frequently seen in people with HIV infection due to impaired cell-mediated immunity?

Introduction / Context:
Immunosuppression in HIV predisposes to viral reactivations and opportunistic infections. Recognizing common viral pathogens improves screening, prophylaxis, and timely therapy.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• HSV causes recurrent mucocutaneous disease; severe or chronic lesions can occur in advanced HIV.
• VZV reactivation presents as shingles; disseminated disease can appear at low CD4 counts.
• CMV can cause retinitis, colitis, esophagitis, and other organ disease when CD4 is very low.

Concept / Approach:
All three viruses are well-known complications of advanced HIV. Antiviral therapy and immune restoration with ART are the mainstays of prevention and treatment.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Link each virus to typical HIV-associated syndromes (e.g., CMV retinitis).Confirm that each is ‘‘frequently observed’’ in advanced disease.Choose the comprehensive option ‘‘all of these’’.

Verification / Alternative check:
Ocular screening for CMV in patients with very low CD4 counts reinforces the frequency of such infections.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Single-pathogen choices omit other equally common infections; ‘‘none’’ is incorrect.

Common Pitfalls:
Underestimating VZV risk in relatively higher CD4 ranges compared with CMV, which tends to occur at very low counts.

Final Answer:
all of these.