Syllogism — Goats, tigers, and lions (subset chains): Statements: (a) All goats are tigers. (b) All tigers are lions. Conclusions: I. All tigers are goats. II. All lions are tigers. III. No goat is a lion. IV. No lion is a goat.
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AEither II or III follows
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BEither II or IV follows
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CEither I or III follows
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DNone of the conclusions follow
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ENone of these
Answer
Correct Answer: None of the conclusions follow
Explanation
Introduction / Context:Two universal inclusions are given. We must avoid both reversing inclusions and drawing unwarranted negatives.
Given Data / Assumptions:
- Goat ⊆ Tiger.
- Tiger ⊆ Lion.
Concept / Approach:From the chain, Goat ⊆ Lion. However, none of the listed conclusions matches this lawful result: (I) reverses inclusion; (II) wrongly claims Lion ⊇ Tiger in the reverse direction; (III) and (IV) assert disjointness that is contradicted or not implied.
Step-by-Step Analysis:1) I “All tigers are goats” is false (wrong direction).2) II “All lions are tigers” is false (reverse inclusion).3) III “No goat is a lion” contradicts Goat ⊆ Lion.4) IV “No lion is a goat” is not implied; goats may be a proper subset of lions.
Verification / Alternative check:Model: Goats (10) ⊆ Tigers (100) ⊆ Lions (1000). None of I–IV is forced true.
Final Answer:None of the conclusions follow.