Public administration and literacy outcomes: Evaluate Statements I and II — 'The district's literacy rate has been rising for the last four years' and 'District administration conducted extensive training for literacy-drive workers' — to decide the most accurate cause–effect classification.
Verbal Reasoning
Cause and Effect
Difficulty: Easy
Choose an option
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AStatement I is the cause and statement II is its effect
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BStatement II is the cause and statement I is its effect
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CBoth the statements I and II are independent causes
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DBoth the statements I and II are effects of independent causes
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EBoth the statements I and II are effects of some common cause
Answer
Correct Answer: Statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect
Explanation
Given data
- I: Literacy rate has increased for four consecutive years.
- II: Administration trained workers engaged in the literacy drive.
Concept/Approach
Capacity-building (training) is an upstream intervention; improved literacy rates are a downstream outcome.
Step-by-step evaluation
1) Training → better outreach/teaching effectiveness.2) Better program delivery → rising literacy rate.3) Hence II (cause) → I (effect).Verification/Alternative
Rising literacy by itself does not cause prior training; the temporal direction favors II → I.
Common pitfalls
- Assuming correlation without considering program mechanisms.
Final AnswerStatement II is the cause and statement I is its effect.