In a shell-and-tube heat exchanger control loop, the outlet temperature of the heating/cooling utility is generally treated as which kind of process variable?

Introduction / Context:
In exchanger control, the usual controlled variable is the process-side outlet temperature, and the manipulated variable is the utility flow (via a valve). The inlet temperature of the utility is a classic load disturbance. Where does the utility outlet temperature fit in this taxonomy?

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Controlled variable (typical): process-side outlet temperature.
• Manipulated variable: utility flow rate (steam, hot oil, cooling water).
• Utility inlet temperature: a load/disturbance.
• Utility outlet temperature: dependent outcome of heat exchange, not directly controlled or manipulated by the local loop.

Concept / Approach:
The utility outlet temperature is an internal or secondary outcome, influenced by duty and approach temperature. It is neither the loop’s set point nor the manipulated variable; nor is it typically labeled a “load” (which refers to exogenous disturbances such as inlet temperature changes or process flow shifts). Hence, among the offered categories, “none of these” best describes the utility outlet temperature in the standard single-loop arrangement.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Many P&IDs include a temperature indicator on utility outlet for monitoring or constraint control, but the primary loop still regulates process outlet temperature via utility flow.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Mistaking any measured temperature as “controlled.” Only the variable compared to a set point and driven by the actuator is the controlled variable.

Final Answer:
none of these