Difficulty: Easy
Correct Answer: Random mating (panmixia) with other equilibrium assumptions
Explanation:
Introduction:
The Hardy–Weinberg principle outlines conditions under which allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation. Recognizing which forces disturb equilibrium helps interpret real population data and design genetic studies.
Given Data / Assumptions:
Concept / Approach:
Random mating (panmixia) is one of the necessary conditions for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. While random mating alone does not guarantee equilibrium if other assumptions are violated, it is the only option among those given that is compatible with stability of allele frequencies. The other options explicitly introduce forces (selection, drift via small size, migration, mutation) that change allele frequencies.
Step-by-Step Solution:
Verification / Alternative check:
Under random mating with all other assumptions satisfied, genotype frequencies stabilize at p^2, 2pq, q^2, and allele frequencies p and q remain constant across generations, confirming the principle.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Common Pitfalls:
Thinking that random mating alone ensures equilibrium without considering the other assumptions; equilibrium is multifactorial, but among the listed options, it is the only compatible condition.
Final Answer:
Random mating (panmixia) with other equilibrium assumptions
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