Oncology terminology: What is the correct term for uncontrolled, autonomous proliferation of cells forming a neoplasm?

Introduction / Context:
Precise terminology in pathology is critical. Several similar-sounding words describe different growth and differentiation abnormalities. This question focuses on the term that specifically denotes uncontrolled and autonomous proliferation.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The process in question is uncontrolled and autonomous, not a physiologic or regulated response.
• The proliferating mass is a neoplasm (tumor), which may be benign or malignant.
• Differentiation status and spread are related but distinct concepts.

Concept / Approach:
Neoplasia is defined as new, uncontrolled growth that persists even after the initiating stimulus is removed. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number due to a stimulus and is often reversible. Dysplasia denotes disordered growth. Anaplasia describes loss of differentiation, typically in malignant tumors. Metastasis refers to spread to distant sites.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the key qualifiers: uncontrolled and autonomous growth. Map terms: neoplasia fits those qualifiers; hyperplasia is controlled; anaplasia relates to differentiation; metastasis refers to spread. Select “Neoplasia”.

Verification / Alternative check:
Standard pathology texts use neoplasia as the umbrella process for tumor formation, with malignancy determined by additional behaviors such as invasion and metastasis.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Hyperplasia: Stimulus-driven and potentially reversible, not autonomous.
• Anaplasia: Loss of mature features, not the act of proliferation itself.
• Metastasis: Movement of tumor cells to distant sites, not primary growth.
• Dysplasia: Disordered maturation and architecture, may precede neoplasia but is not synonymous with it.

Common Pitfalls:
Using hyperplasia or dysplasia as synonyms for cancer; conflating differentiation status with proliferation control.

Final Answer:
Neoplasia.