Which of the following tools is NOT excluded when modeling a new system (i.e., which statement claiming “not used” is incorrect)? Identify the option that is NOT a correct exclusion.

Introduction / Context:
When modeling a new system, analysts rely on standard artifacts: data-flow diagrams (DFDs) to depict movement and transformation of data, decision tables to capture complex business rules, and a data dictionary to standardize data definitions. The item asks which statement about tools “not being used” is correct—spoiler: all three are in fact used, so the exclusion claims are wrong.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We are in analysis and early design phases.
• Artifacts must clarify processes, data, and rules.
• Decision tables, DFDs, and data dictionaries are canonical tools.

Concept / Approach:
Each listed artifact serves a distinct purpose. Removing any one typically reduces clarity: DFDs map flows and processes, decision tables disambiguate rules, and a data dictionary governs semantics and metadata (names, formats, domains). Therefore, saying any of them is “not used” is false.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Evaluate each claim of exclusion (A–C). 2) Recognize that all three are standard and useful. 3) Conclude that none of the exclusions are correct. 4) Select “None of the above.”

Verification / Alternative check:
Systems analysis texts list these tools among core modeling techniques.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Option A/B/C: Each wrongly asserts a useful artifact is not used.
Option D: “All of the above” would mean every exclusion is correct, which is false.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming one artifact can replace all others; in practice, they complement each other.

Final Answer:
None of the above