Question 1

Unreachable code would best be found using

Accepted Answer

Code review is a software quality assurance activity in which one or several humans check a program mainly by viewing and reading parts of its source code, and they do so after implementation or as an interruption of implementation.

Question 2

What is "bug leakage?" and what is "bug release?"

Accepted Answer

A bug leakage results when a bug is detected which should have been detected in earlier builds/versions of the application A defect which exists during testing yet unfound by the tester which is eventually found by the tester/end-user is also called bug leakage A bug release is when a particular version of s/w is released with a set of known bug(s)/defect(s) These bugs are usually low severity and/or low priority bugs It is done when the company can afford the existence of bug in the released s/w rather than the time/cost for fixing it in that particular version These bugs are usually mentioned in the Release Notes

Question 3

main() { float me = 1.1; double you = 1.1; if(me==you) printf("yes"); else printf("No"); }

Accepted Answer

For floating point numbers (float, double, long double) the values cannot be predicted exactly. Depending on the number of bytes, the precession with of the value represented varies. Float takes 4 bytes and long double takes 10 bytes. So float stores 0.9 with less precision than long double.

Question 4

Which is the simplest file structure?

Accepted Answer

Sequential is the simplest file structure

Question 5

Of the following tree structure, which is, efficient considering space and time complexities?

Accepted Answer

Full binary tree loses its nature when operations of insertions and deletions are done. For incomplete binary trees, extra storage is required and overhead of NULL node checking takes place. So complete binary tree is the better one since the property of complete binary tree is maintained even after operations like additions and deletions are done on it.

Question 6

Statement coverage will not check for the following

Accepted Answer

Statement coverage is a white box test design technique which involves execution of all the executable statements in the source code at least once. It is used to calculate and measure the number of statements in the source code which can be executed given the requirements.

Question 7

What are the common problems with software automation?

Accepted Answer

The biggest concern is the cost incurred for test automation Also, often s/w test automation requires skilled personnel and authentic test automation tools Purchasing license of such tools is a costly affair Also the time required for test automation is more Automation often requires recording the sequence of operations you need to perform in order to execute a particular test case and comparing the final o/p with the expected o/p Functions/macros need also be written sometimes for some test cases All this could be a time consuming job

Question 8

Differentiate between a.) Testing and Debugging b.) Two tier and Three tier architecture c.) Alpha testing and Beta testing d.) Static testing and dynamic testing

Accepted Answer

a) Testing and Debugging Testing is process of verifying if the application matches requirements and reporting bugs; Testing is usually done by an independent testing team while debugging is a process of finding and fixing bugs with the intention of reducing bugs; Debugging is usually done by the programmer b) Two tier and Three tier architecture In a two tier architecture there is a data server and a client application Client application directly accesses the server data In a three tier architecture there is a data server, a client application and a server application Client application calls the server application which in turn fetches data from the data server and returns back to client application c) Alpha testing and Beta testing Alpha testing is conducting acceptance testing in the environment where the application was developed It is done by the customer Beta testing is conducting acceptance testing is the customer environment It is done by the group of customers or users who will actually be using it d) Static testing and dynamic testing Static testing is checking the application without actually running the application whereas dynamic testing checks the application by running it

Question 9

What is a software project test plan?

Accepted Answer

A test plan is the master document that contains all details pertaining to testing of the application Its contents include: Testing scope - what is included and what is not included in the testing of the current project Assumptions - what are the assumptions that are made for this project Milestones - major dates like when testing is going to begin, when it is planned to end, what is the trace review date, what is the production date etc Resources - the resources working on this project along with their contact details Defect tracking mechanism - what defect tracking tool will be used, what is the SLA for fixing Critical to Low level IRs etc Test management procedures - who will be notified when there is a critical IR, what reports will be sent daily, if status calls will be held daily or weekly, where will it be held, who is required to join etc Work allocation - resource distribution if more projects are being tested Entry and exit criterion - when can a project be accepted for testing (eg only when smoke testing passes) and when can a project be termed as testing complete (eg when all testcases are executed and all high level bugs are fixed)

Question 10

Defect Management Process does not include

Accepted Answer

Deliverable base-lining

Question 11

Which of the following is not a static testing technique?

Accepted Answer

Static Testing, a software testing technique in which the software is tested without executing the code. This Techniques provide a powerful way to improve the quality and productivity of software development by assisting engineers to recognize and fix their own defects early in the software development process. It has two parts as listed below: Review - Typically used to find and eliminate errors or ambiguities in documents such as requirements, design, test cases, etc. Static analysis - The code written by developers are analysed (usually by tools) for structural defects that may lead to defects. In this software is tested without executing the code by doing Review, Walk Through, Inspection or Analysis etc. Hence, Error guessing is not a static software testing technique.

Question 12

Which of the following is a form of functional testing?

Accepted Answer

Usability testing

Question 13

What are the parameters of Quality cost?

Accepted Answer

The parameters of Quality Cost are: Speed Accuracy Efficiency Performance Customer Satisfaction

Question 14

Which of the following is not part of performance testing?

Accepted Answer

In software engineering, performance testing is in general, a testing practice performed to determine how a system performs in terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload.

Question 15

What is the type of the algorithm used in solving the 8 Queens problem ?

Accepted Answer

BackTracking is used for solving N-Queens problem

Question 16

What is the value of a testing group? How do you justify your work and budget?

Accepted Answer

Testing is a process used for revealing defects in s/w and for establishing that the s/w has attained a specific degree of quality The s/w testing group’s main objective is to ensure that the s/w is doing what it is supposed to do as well as the s/w is not doing what it is not supposed to do With this objective, it is clear that it is necessary to have a separate group for testing the s/w other than the group which developed it Also, bugs in the s/w can cause severe monetary as well as other loss to the organization So it is important to allocate some budget for the testing group

Question 17

What is the difference in writing the test cases for Integration testing and system testing?

Accepted Answer

Integration testing is done at module level when various modules are integrated with each other to form a system or sub-system Its main purpose is to ensure that interfaces between various modules are working properly; ie modules which are working individually are also working correctly together System testing is done on a complete, integrated system to evaluate the system’s compliance with its specified requirements It validates that the system meets its functional and non-functional requirements From these definitions, it is clear that the purpose of Integration and purpose of System Testing are different Therefore, Integration test cases focus more on the interfaces between modules (interface integrity) - the data transfer and their interaction with each other System test cases focus on testing the product as a whole; ie whether the functional, non-functional requirements of the System are met or not Since System Testing is the final phase before delivery of the product, System test cases should pinpoint configuration related errors along with testing for performance, security, reliability etc

Question 18

What's the role of CMM Level in Testing?

Accepted Answer

Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a model of 5 levels of process 'maturity' that determine effectiveness in delivering quality software The 5 levels of CMM are described as below: Level 1: Initial: - characterized by chaos, periodic panics, and heroic efforts required by individuals to successfully complete projects Very few or none of the processes are in place Level 2: Repeatable: - Software Project Tracking, Requirements Management, Realistic Planning and Configuration Management Processes are in place; successful practices can be repeated Level 3: Defined: - Standard Software Development and Maintenance Processes are integrated throughout an organization A Software Engineering Process Group is in place to oversee software processes, and training programs are used to ensure understanding and compliance Level 4: Managed: - Metrics are used to track productivity, processes, and products Project performance is predictable, and quality is consistently high Level 5: Optimizing: - The focus is on continuous process improvement The impact of new processes and technologies can be predicted and effectively implemented when required Any organization can start from any level, but its motto is to reach level 5; where the focus is continuous process improvement By doing this, high quality s/w delivery is assured From this, we can see that the whole essence of CMM or CMMI is to produce quality software It targets the whole organizational practices (or processes), which are believed to be the best across industries Testing is part of Quality Assurance CMM levels play an important role in an organization’s Quality Assurance effort Thus testing plays an important role in determining CMM level

Question 19

What is risk analysis? What does it have to do with Severity and Priority?

Accepted Answer

Risk analysis is a method to determine how much risk is involved in something In testing, it can be used to determine when to test something or whether to test something at all Items with higher risk values should be tested early and often Items with lower risk value can be tested later, or not at all It can also be used with defects Severity tells us how bad a defect is: "how much damage can it cause?" Priority tells us how soon it is desired to fix the defect: "should we fix this and if so, by when?" Defects with High Severity and Priority are tested first

Question 20

Explain a.) Quality Assurance b.) Quality Control c.) Test Case d.) Test Condition e.) Test Script f.) Test Data g.) Test Bed

Accepted Answer

a) Quality Assurance Quality assurance is an activity that establishes and evaluates the processes that produce products Quality assurance would measure processes to identify weaknesses and then correct them to continually improve the process: Eg Code review b) Quality Control Quality control is a process in which the product's quality is compared with standards and corrective actions taken if required Quality control activities focus on identifying defects in the actual products produced Eg Testing c) Test Case A test case is a unit level document describing the inputs, steps of execution and the expected result of each test condition for every requirement from the BRD Testers determine whether the application is working correctly or not based on the test case that is being executed A test case is marked as "Pass" if the application works as expected and is marked as "Fail" if otherwise Test cases also aide in generating test status metrics d) Test Condition Test condition is the condition on which the test execution evaluates to pass or fail Eg of a test condition: Set Password field should accept a mix of Alphanumeric and Special characters on mandatory basis and throw error message otherwise e) Test Script Test script is the set of instructions performed on the application to verify its functions f) Test Data Test data is the input data used to test a particular functionality Eg: Username and password to test a login screen g) Test Bed Test bed is the environment on which the testing is done and includes the software and hardware set up that is required for testing the application

Software Testing Questions