Systems implementation truths: identify the correct statement among the following options.

Introduction / Context:
Implementation and testing involve phases like alpha and beta, as well as deployment strategies such as parallel runs. This question distinguishes common misconceptions from a correct statement about testing practice.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Alpha testing occurs internally by developers or select internal users.
• Parallel run means old and new systems operate simultaneously to compare results.
• Information flow in real organizations is multidirectional (vertical, horizontal, diagonal).

Concept / Approach:
Evaluate each option against standard definitions. Alpha testing is indeed an early internal verification stage, typically preceding beta testing with external or wider audiences. Parallel runs are not defined by terminals sharing a database; instead, they compare the outputs of old vs new systems over a period. Systems analysis can be performed conceptually and manually; computers facilitate but are not strictly required. Information flow is rarely strictly vertical; cross-functional and networked flows are common.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Analyze A: misdefines parallel run; reject.2) Analyze B: systems analysis methods (interviews, process mapping) do not require computers; reject absolute claim.3) Analyze C: information flow varies; strictly vertical is incorrect; reject.4) Analyze D: matches standard definition of alpha testing; accept.

Verification / Alternative check:
Software engineering texts consistently define alpha as internal and beta as external or pre-release; deployment strategies clarify what parallel run actually entails.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
A misstates parallel run. B is an overstatement. C ignores real organizational communication patterns.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing alpha with beta; assuming tooling is mandatory for analytical thinking.

Final Answer:
Alpha testing is an initial internal verification of a system before wider release.