Air pollution impacts: What are the principal environmental and health effects associated with sulphur dioxide (SO2) in industrial stack emissions?

Introduction:
SO2 is a key regulated pollutant from combustion of sulfur-containing fuels. It affects human health, vegetation, and infrastructure.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Industrial chimney exhaust containing SO2.
• Ambient exposure scenarios.
• Typical concentrations of concern in pollution control.

Concept / Approach:
SO2 irritates respiratory pathways, can form acid rain via oxidation to sulfuric acid, and corrodes materials including metals, concrete, and historical monuments.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Health: SO2 aggravates asthma and reduces lung function.Step 2: Vegetation: Acid deposition damages leaves and soils, lowering productivity.Step 3: Materials: Acidic species corrode metals and stone.

Verification / Alternative check:
Air quality standards include SO2 limits to protect public health and ecosystems.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Single-effect options ignore the documented multi-domain impacts; claiming no effect is incorrect.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming SO2 impact is limited to smell; secondary formation (acid rain, sulfates) broadens damage.

Final Answer:
All of the above