Logical Deduction — Statements & Conclusions Statements: "Irregularity is a cause for failure in exams. Some regular students fail in the examinations." Which conclusions follow?

Introduction / Context:
This question mixes causation and quantifiers. We are told irregularity can cause failure and that some regular students fail anyway. We must test two sweeping conclusions.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Premise 1: Irregularity can cause failure.
• Premise 2: Some regular students fail.
• Conclusion I: All failed students are regular.
• Conclusion II: All successful students are not regular.

Concept / Approach:
From "irregularity causes failure" we cannot say anything universal about all who fail or succeed. Multiple causes for failure may exist, and success can occur among both regular and irregular students.

Step-by-Step Solution:
I fails: If irregularity can cause failure, many failed students may in fact be irregular. The conclusion "all failed are regular" blatantly contradicts that possibility.II fails: Nothing in the premises says "all successful are not regular." Regularity often increases chances of success; many successful students could be regular.

Verification / Alternative check:
Construct examples: A cohort where irregular students fail and many regular ones succeed (with a few regular failures) satisfies the premises but refutes both conclusions.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• I only / II only / Both / Either: each accepts at least one universal statement that is not supported by the mixed premises.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing "a cause" with "the only cause"; converting "some" into "all."

Final Answer:
Neither I nor II follows