Tax policy – Should income from agricultural activities be taxed? Arguments to evaluate: I. No. Farmers suffer from natural calamities, low yields, and low procurement prices; their income should not be taxed. II. Yes. Since a majority depends on agriculture, taxing them will augment resources. III. Yes. Many big farmers earn much more than most salaried people; taxing them reduces disparity.
Verbal Reasoning
Statement and Argument
Difficulty: Medium
Choose an option
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AOnly I is strong
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BOnly I and II are strong
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COnly II and III are strong
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DAll are strong
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ENone of these
Answer
Correct Answer: Only II and III are strong
Explanation
Introduction / Context:The issue is whether agricultural income should be taxed. Strong arguments should align with equity, revenue adequacy, and practicality.
Given Data / Assumptions:
- Agricultural producers range from subsistence farmers to large commercial agribusinesses.
- Public finance seeks fairness (ability to pay) and resource mobilization.
- Targeted exemptions or thresholds can protect vulnerable farmers.
Concept / Approach:An argument favoring taxation on principle (ability to pay) and resource needs can be strong, especially if paired with progressivity. A blanket “no tax” because some farmers suffer is weaker as a universal policy claim.
Step-by-Step Solution:
I: Weak. Hardship among small farmers is real, but the solution is progressive taxation with exemptions, not a universal exemption forever.II: Strong. When a majority earns agricultural income, broadening the base (with thresholds) augments resources for public goods.III: Strong. Ability-to-pay principle supports taxing high-income farmers to reduce horizontal inequity versus salaried groups.Verification / Alternative check:
Many tax systems differentiate by income level, offering relief or zero tax to smallholders, while taxing large agricultural profits.Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Options including I endorse a blanket exemption; “All are strong” overstates I; “None of these” is incorrect.Common Pitfalls:
Equating protection for small farmers with untaxed status for all agricultural income.Final Answer:Only II and III are strong