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Consider the given statements to be true and decide which of the given conclusions or assumptions can definitely be drawn from them. Statements: 1. All parrots are chicks. 2. All birds are chicks. Conclusions: I. Some birds are parrots. II. Some chicks are parrots. Choose the option that correctly identifies which conclusion or conclusions logically follow from these statements.

Difficulty: Medium

Correct Answer: Only conclusion II follows

Explanation:


Introduction / Context:
This question deals with three sets: parrots, birds, and chicks. Two general statements relate these sets, and you must determine which of the given conclusions necessarily follow. The wording looks simple, but it checks careful understanding of what is guaranteed and what is not.


Given Data / Assumptions:
Treat the following as true.

  • Statement 1: All parrots are chicks.
  • Statement 2: All birds are chicks.
  • Conclusion I: Some birds are parrots.
  • Conclusion II: Some chicks are parrots.


Concept / Approach:
“All parrots are chicks” means the Parrot set lies entirely inside the Chick set. “All birds are chicks” means the Bird set also lies inside the Chick set. The relation between birds and parrots is not specified. To decide conclusions, we must avoid assuming overlap where none is guaranteed.


Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: From statement 1, every parrot is a chick. So Parrot is a subset of Chick. Step 2: From statement 2, every bird is a chick. So Bird is also a subset of Chick. Step 3: Conclusion I claims “Some birds are parrots.” For this to be compulsory, statements would need to guarantee that the Bird set and Parrot set overlap. However, it is possible that parrots form one group of chicks and other birds form another group of chicks, with no overlap between Birds and Parrots. Since both patterns are possible, conclusion I is not necessary. Step 4: Conclusion II states “Some chicks are parrots.” Since all parrots are chicks, if we assume that parrots exist, then there must be at least some chicks that are parrots. In typical exam logic, the existence of the subject is usually implied in such universal statements.


Verification / Alternative check:
Draw a large circle for Chick. Place a smaller circle inside it for Parrot. Place another circle inside Chick for Bird, which may or may not overlap with Parrot. In all such diagrams, there are some chicks that are parrots, but birds and parrots need not necessarily intersect. This confirms that conclusion II always holds, but conclusion I might fail in some valid configurations.


Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Option A says both conclusions follow, but the overlap between birds and parrots is not guaranteed. Option B says none follows, which ignores the clear fact that some chicks must be parrots if parrots exist. Option C says only conclusion I follows, which is clearly weaker than conclusion II and not justified.


Common Pitfalls:
Many learners casually treat “birds” as a larger category that automatically includes parrots and then assume that some birds must be parrots. However, the logical statements provided do not define that relation explicitly; they only relate each set separately to chicks. You must work only with the given relations.


Final Answer:
Only conclusion II can be definitely drawn. Therefore, the correct answer is “Only conclusion II follows.”

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