Plasmid properties: choose the statement that is NOT universally true for all plasmids Which statement below is not universally valid for every plasmid found in nature?

Introduction / Context:
Plasmids are small genetic elements central to cloning and bacterial evolution. Many textbook descriptions emphasize circular, double-stranded DNA; however, exceptions exist. Recognizing what is universal versus common avoids overgeneralization in exams and lab work.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Typical plasmids are extrachromosomal and double-stranded DNA.
• Replication generally uses host polymerases and proteins, though initiation is controlled by the plasmid’s origin.
• Some plasmids deviate from “closed circular” topology.

Concept / Approach:
Most plasmids are covalently closed circular (ccc) dsDNA, but linear plasmids (e.g., in Streptomyces and Borrelia) and unusual forms are known. Therefore, stating “always closed and circular” is not universally true. The dependency on host replication machinery is broadly valid, since plasmids rarely encode a full replication apparatus.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Microbiology literature documents linear plasmids and linear phage-plasmid hybrids; these confirm the exception to circularity.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Extrachromosomal location (a) is definitional for plasmids.
• Double-stranded DNA (b) is overwhelmingly true; ssDNA “plasmids” are rare and typically viral replicons.
• Host-dependent replication (c) is broadly true; plasmids encode control but not full replisomes.
• Having an origin (e) is required for maintenance.

Common Pitfalls:
Memorizing “circular” as a strict definition; better to treat it as the most common topology, not a rule without exceptions.

Final Answer:
It is always a closed, circular DNA molecule.