True, Depending on the operating system/compiler/system architecture you are working on, the range of data types can vary.

False, The range of float is -3.4e+38 to 3.4e+38.

True, we can use long double; if double range is not enough.

double = 8 bytes.
long double = 10 bytes.

False, The range of double is -1.7e+308 to 1.7e+308.

True,
float = 4 bytes.
double = 8 bytes.

True, we can find the size of short integer and long integer using the sizeof() operator.
Example:

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
    short int i = 10;
    long int j = 10;
    printf("short int is %d bytes.,\nlong int is %d bytes.",
            sizeof(i),sizeof(j));
    return 0;
}

Output:
short int is 2 bytes.
long int is 4 bytes.