Is Query-by-Example (QBE) the most widely available direct-manipulation (graphical) database query interface across end-user tools?

Introduction / Context:
Query-by-Example (QBE) popularized the idea that users can construct queries by filling in example values or selecting fields in a grid rather than writing textual SQL. Many end-user tools (e.g., Microsoft Access-style query designers, visual query builders in BI platforms) follow QBE-like patterns.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• “Direct-manipulation” emphasizes graphical selection of tables/fields/criteria.
• Widespread in desktop database tools and many BI suites.
• Underlying engines still generate SQL or equivalent queries.

Concept / Approach:
QBE provides a visual canvas where users drag tables, specify joins, set filters, and choose aggregates. The interface generates the textual query behind the scenes, making relational querying accessible to non-programmers.

Step-by-Step Solution:
User selects tables/joins visually.User specifies criteria (e.g., city = “Boston”).Tool composes SELECT, FROM, JOIN, WHERE, GROUP BY accordingly.User previews results and iterates without hand-writing SQL.Tool translates final design into an executable query sent to the DBMS.

Verification / Alternative check:
Survey common office/BI suites; most offer a QBE-style builder or “visual query” mode for non-technical users, confirming the paradigm’s wide availability.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Claiming only SQL editors exist (option b) ignores pervasive visual designers. Options c, d, and e artificially limit QBE to specific platforms; in practice, QBE front-ends target many relational engines.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming QBE can express every advanced SQL construct; overlooking performance implications of auto-generated queries; relying solely on visual tools without understanding joins and cardinality.

Final Answer:
Applies — QBE is a widely available direct-manipulation query paradigm