On Ethernet and Token Ring networks, the MAC (Media Access Control) address on a network interface card serves what purpose?

Introduction:
Every network interface card (NIC) on broadcast networks such as Ethernet and Token Ring needs a low-level identifier for link-layer delivery. This identifier is the MAC address, which is central to switching, ARP/ND resolution, and frame delivery on a local segment. The question asks what a MAC address provides and how it is assigned.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Context: IEEE 802 networks (e.g., Ethernet, Token Ring).
• MAC addresses are 48-bit (or sometimes 64-bit in newer schemes) identifiers.
• Vendors receive Organizationally Unique Identifiers (OUIs) to allocate addresses.

Concept / Approach:
A MAC address is a physical (link-layer) address burned into the NIC by the manufacturer (often in firmware/EEPROM). Switches learn source MACs on ports and forward frames based on destination MACs. While some OSes allow software override (spoofing), the canonical definition remains a manufacturer-assigned physical address at Layer 2—not a logical address (Layer 3) and not a human-readable alias.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
IEEE registration records tie OUIs to vendors; device labels and interface diagnostics show the burned-in address, confirming manufacturer assignment by default.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Logical address: describes IP, not MAC.
• Random at boot: not by default; although software can randomize for privacy, that is not the fundamental definition.
• Logical domain address: not a standard term at Layer 2.
• Alias for computer name: unrelated; names map to IPs via DNS, not MACs.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing MAC with IP; assuming hostnames are directly tied to MACs; forgetting that MAC randomization is a privacy feature, not the default assignment method.

Final Answer:
A physical address that is assigned by the manufacturer.