Environmental biotechnology: in which protocol are bacteria engineered to detoxify pollutants intentionally released into a contaminated area?

Introduction / Context:
Bioremediation leverages microorganisms to detoxify or remove contaminants from soil, water, or air. When native microbes are insufficient, engineered strains or specialized consortia may be introduced to accelerate cleanup.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Target setting is a contaminated site (in situ).
• Organisms possess catabolic pathways for the pollutant.
• Regulatory and containment considerations are addressed.

Concept / Approach:
Bioaugmentation is the intentional addition of microbial strains with desired degradative functions. These can be genetically engineered to expand substrate range, improve tolerance, or enhance pathway flux, thereby speeding degradation under field conditions.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Case studies include oil spill remediation and chlorinated solvent degradation using augmented microbial communities.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• A: Microcosms are lab-scale tests, not intentional field releases.
• B: Not a recognized protocol.
• D: Rhizosecretion refers to plant root exudation; not direct bacterial release.
• E: Photobioreactors are controlled systems, not in situ field releases.

Common Pitfalls:
Overlooking the importance of environmental conditions (electron acceptors, pH, temperature) for success; genetics alone is not sufficient.

Final Answer:
Bioremediation (bioaugmentation in situ)