In computer terminology, programs that are permanently stored in read only memory ROM chips and provide low level control for hardware devices are collectively called what?

Introduction / Context:
This question addresses the relationship between hardware, software and the special category of code stored in read only memory. Many electronic devices, including computers, routers and printers, contain small programs stored in ROM that control their basic functions. These programs are distinct from general application software and are given a specific name in computer science.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The programs are stored in ROM chips.
• They provide low level control for hardware devices or for system startup.
• The question asks for the collective name of such programs.
• Options include hardware, firmware, freeware, software and shareware.

Concept / Approach:
Firmware is the term used for software that is stored permanently in ROM or similar non volatile memory on a hardware device. It provides basic control, such as the code that starts a computer or operates an embedded system. Hardware refers to the physical components. Software is a broad term for all programs, including applications and system software. Freeware and shareware describe licensing models rather than where the program is stored.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Note that the question focuses on programs stored in ROM chips, not on the hardware itself. Step 2: ROM based programs are usually installed by the manufacturer and are not frequently changed by end users. Step 3: The standard term for such ROM based control programs is firmware. Step 4: Hardware refers to physical components like circuit boards and chips and cannot be the correct answer, since the question is about programs. Step 5: Software is a general term that includes application programs, operating systems and firmware, but the question asks for a more specific label. Step 6: Freeware denotes software that is free of cost, and shareware denotes software distributed on a trial basis; both are about licensing, not location in memory. Step 7: Therefore, the correct technical term is firmware.

Verification / Alternative check:
Technical manuals and device specifications often refer to updating the firmware of a router, a motherboard BIOS chip or a printer. In each case, the code is stored on non volatile memory chips and controls how the device operates. The same sources distinguish this from general purpose software that runs from disk or other storage. This consistent usage confirms that programs stored in ROM are called firmware in standard computer terminology.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Hardware describes the physical components, not the programs that run on them. Freeware and shareware describe how software is licensed and distributed, not where it resides. The generic term software is too broad and does not indicate that the programs are stored in ROM chips and tightly tied to hardware control. Firmware is the precise word that conveys both the software nature and the close link to hardware.

Common Pitfalls:
Some learners mistakenly think firmware means firm software or confuse it with shareware due to similar sounding names. To avoid this, remember that firmware sits between hardware and software, providing permanent control logic stored in ROM. Associating the word firm with fixed or permanent can also help you recall that firmware is usually stored in non volatile memory and is not changed frequently.

Final Answer:
Programs stored in ROM chips that control hardware are called firmware.